Website References

1. Dunea G. Dialysis dementia: an epidemic that came and went. Asaio J. 2001;47(3):192-4.

2. Commission of the European Community (CEC).  Resolution 86/C184/04 of the Council concerning protection of dialysis patients by minimising the exposure to aluminium.  OJ No.C184:16-17.

3. Guideline on water treatment facilities, dialysis water and dialysis fluid quality for haemodialysis and related therapies. Clinical Practice Guideline by the UK Renal Association and Association of Renal Technologists. NicHoenich, Robert Mactier, Gerard Boyle, et al. RA and ART Guideline on Water Treatment Facilities, Dialysis Water and Dialysis Fluid Quality for Haemodialysis and Related Therapies.

4. Arsenic and you. Health and Safety Executive.

5. Morton J, Carolan VA, Gardiner PHE. Removal of exogenously bound elements from human hair by various washing procedures and determination by inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2002;455:23–34.

6. Duncan A, Taylor A, Leese E, Allen S, Morton J, McAdam J. Homicidal arsenic poisoning. Ann Clin Bioch 2015;52(4):510–515.

7. Ratnaike RN. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:391–396.

8. H. Smith, J. Forensic Sci. Soc., 1964, 4, 192 -199

9. Cadmium and you. Health and Safety Executive.

10. Goullé J-P, Mahieu L, Castermant J et al. Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair. Reference values. Forensic Sci Int 2005: 153; 39-44

11. Cesbron A, Saussereau E, Mahieu L, Couland I, Guerbet M, Goulle. J-P Metallic profile of whole blood and plasma in a series of 106 healthy volunteers.  J. Anal Tox 2013; 37: 401-405

12. Chromium and you. Health and Safety Executive.

13. Anderson RA. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4:31-41.

14. Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J Nutr. 1993;123:626-33.

15. Wang ZQ, Cefalu WT. Current concepts about chromium supplementation in type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10:145-51.

16. Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JE. Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. JAMA. 1979;241(5):496-8.

17. Jeejeebhoy KN; Chu RC; Marliss EB; Greenberg GR; Bruce-Robertson A. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977;30(4):531-8.

18. Brown R. Chromium deficiency after long-term TPN. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:661-4.

19. Howard L, Ashley C, Lyon D, Shenkin A. Autopsy tissue trace elements in 8 long-term parenteral nutrition patients who received the current U.S. Food and Drug Administration formulation. J Parent Ent Nutr. 2007;31(5):388-96.

20. MDA/2017/018 - all metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacements: updated advice for follow-up of patients (Issued by MHRA 29 June 2017)
 

21. Sampson B, Hair A. Clinical usefulness of blood metal measurements to assess the failure of metal-on-metal hop implants. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:118-131.

22. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C-9.pdf.

23. Case CP, Ellis L, Turner JC, Fairman B. Development of a routine method for the determination of trace metals in whole blood by magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with particular relevance to patients with total hip and knee arthroplasty. Clin Chem 2001, 47: 275–280. 

24. Cobalt and You. Health and Safety Executive.

25 Lauwerys R. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to cobalt metal, salt, oxides and hard metal dust. Occup Environm Med 1994;51:447-50.

26. Ferenci et al. Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Hepatic Copper Determination in Patients With
Wilson’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:811–818.

27. Oakes EA, Lyon TDB, Duncan A, Gray A, Talwar D, O’Reilly D. Acute inflammatory response does not affect erythrocyte concentrations of copper, zinc and selenium. Clin Nutr 2008;27:115-20.

28. Duncan A, Talwar D, McMillan DC, Stefanowicz F, O’Reilly DS. Quantitative data on the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response and its effect on micronutrient status based on plasma measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(1):64-71.

29. Lockitch G. Trace elements in pediatrics. J Internat Fed Clin Chem 1996;9(2):46-8, 50-1.

30. Lyon et al. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1989, 109-118.

31. Roberts EA, Schilsky ML. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson’s Disease guidelines. Hepatol 2008;47:2089-111.32. Lauwerys R. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to cobalt metal, salt, oxides and hard metal dust. Occup Environm Med 1994;51:447-50.

32. Lux O, Naidoo D. The assessment of biological variation components of copper, zinc, and selenium. J Nutr Biochem 1995; 6: 43-47.34. Ferenci et al. Diagnostic Value of Quantitative Hepatic Copper Determination in Patients With Wilson’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:811–818.

33. Gallagher SK, Johnson LK, and Milne DB. Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 369-373

34. González-Revaldería J., García-Bermejo S., Menchén-Herreros A., and Fernández-Rodriguez E.. Biological variation of Zn, Cu, and Mg in serum of healthy subjects. Clin Chem 1990; 36:2140-2141.

35. Lyon TD, Fell GS, Gaffney D, McGaw BA, Russell RI, Park RH, Beattie AD, Curry G, Crofton RJ, Gunn I, et al. Use of a stable copper isotope (65Cu) in the differential diagnosis of Wilson’s disease. Clin Science. 1995;88(6):727-32.38. Lyon et al. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1989, 109-118.

36. Bassett ML, Halliday JW, Powell LW. Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology. 1986;6(1):24-9.

37. SAS Trace Elements Centres Handbook, 2006.

38. CLAW Regulations.

39. Lead and you. Health and Safety Executive.

40. Chandramouli K, Steer CD, Ellis M, Emond AM. Effects of early childhood lead exposure on academic performance and behaviour of school age children. Arch Dis Child 2009.94: 844-848.

41. CDC response to Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention recommendations in “Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention.” Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2012.

42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

43. Lacher DA, Hughes JP, Carroll MD. Biological variation of laboratory analytes based on the 1999- 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. National Health Statistics Report. Number 21, March 1st 2010.

44. C.J. da Silva. A Preliminary Study Revealing a New Association in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: Manganism Symptoms and T1 Hyperintense Changes in the Basal Ganglia. Am J Neurol Radiol. 2007;28:1474-9.

45. Vanek VW et al. ASPEN position paper: recommendations for changes in commercially available parenteral multivitamin and multi-trace element products. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27(4):440-91.

46. Smith EA, Newland P, Bestwick KG, Ahmed N. Increased whole blood manganese concentrations in children with iron deficiency anaemia. J Trace Elements Med Biol. 27:65-69 2013.

47. Finley JW. Manganese absorption and retention by young women is associated with reduced serum ferritin concentration. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:37-43.

48. Spencer A. Whole blood manganese levels in pregnancy and the neonate. Nutrition. 1999;15:731-4.

49. Pleban and Pearson. Clin Chem 1979, 25, 1915. 69

50. Spencer A. Whole blood manganese levels in pregnancy and the neonate. Int J Appl Basic Nutr Sci 1999;15:731-4.

51. Brune et al. Sci. Total Environ. 1991, 100, 235 – 282

52. Mason HJ, Calder IM. The correction of urinary mercury concentrations in untimed, random urine samples. Occup Environ Med 1994;51:287.

53. Nickel and you. Health and Safety Executive.

54. Sieniawska CE, Jung LC, Olufadi R, Walker V. Twenty-four-hour urinary trace element excretion: reference intervals and interpretive issues. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:341-51.

55. Fell GS, Lyon TD, Littlejohn D, Nicol C. The distribution of essential trace elements amongst the plasma proteins in health and disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol.1997;11:151-3.

56. Rayman M. Selenium and human health. Lancet. 2012;379:1256–68.

57. Stefanowicz FA, Talwar D, O’Reilly DS, Dickinson N, Atkinson J, Hursthouse AS, Rankin J, Duncan A. Erythrocyte selenium concentration as a marker of selenium status. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(5):837-42.

58. National Diet and Nutritional Survey.

59. Thomas et al. J. Pediatr. Gastroenteral Nutr. 1994;19:213-9.

60. Livingstone C. Zinc: Physiology, Deficiency, and Parenteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2015;30(3):371-82.

61. Perafan-Riveros C, Franca LFS, Alves ACF, Sanches JA. Acrodermatitis enteropathica: Case report and review of the literature. Ped Derm 2002;19(5):426-31.

62. Lowe NM, Fekete K, Decsi T. Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic Review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:2040S–51S.

63. Keyzer JJ, Oosting E, Wolthers BG, et al. Zinc in plasma and serum:influence of contamination due to the collection tubes. Pharmaceut Weekbladd Sci. 1983;5:248-51.64. Sieniawska CE, Jung LC, Olufadi R, Walker V. Twenty-four-hour urinary trace element excretion: reference intervals and interpretive issues. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:341-51.

64. English JL, Hambridge KM. Plasma and serum zinc concentrations: effect of time between collection and separation. Clin Chim Acta. 1988;175:211-6.

65. Hotz C, Peerson JM, and Brown KH. Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976–1980). Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:756–64.

66. Guideline on water treatment facilities, dialysis water and dialysis fluid quality for haemodialysis and related therapies. Clinical Practice Guideline by the UK Renal Association and Association of Renal Technologists (2017). 

67. Shenkin A, Baines M, Fell GS, Lyon TDG. Vitamins and Trace Elements. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (eds.) Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th ed. St Louis, MI: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. p1075-1164.

68. Gray A, McMillan DC, Wilson C, Williamson C, O’Reilly DS, Talwar D. The relationship between the acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response, lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation following elective knee arthroplasty. Clin Nutr 2005;24(5): 746-50.

69. Gleghorn EE, Eisenberg LD, Hack S, Parton P, Merritt RJ. Observations of vitamin A toxicity in three patients with renal failure receiving parenteral alimentation. Am J Clin Nutr 1986;44(1):107-112.

70. Talwar D, Ha TK, Cooney J, Brownlee C, O’Reilly DS. A routine method for the simultaneous measurement of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and five carotenoids in human plasma by reverse phase HPLC. Clin Chim Acta 1998;270(2):85-100.

71. Talwar DK, Azharuddin MK, Williamson C, Teoh YP, McMillan DC, St J O’Reilly D. Biological variation of vitamins in blood of healthy individuals. Clin Chem 2005;51(11):2145-50.

72. Brin M. Erythrocyte as biopsy tissue for functional evaluation of thiamin adequacy. JAMA 1964;187:762–6.70

73. Talwar D, Davidson H, Cooney J, St J O’Reilly D. Vitamin B(1) status assessed by direct measurement of thiamin pyrophosphate in erythrocytes or whole blood by HPLC: comparison with erythrocyte transketolase activation assay. Clin Chem 2000;46(5):704-10.

74. Warnock LG, Prudhomme CR, Wagner C. The determination of thiamin pyrophosphate in blood and other tissues and its correlation with erythrocyte transketolase activity. J Nutr 1978;108:421–7.

75. Baines M, Davies G. The evaluation of erythrocyte thiamin diphosphate as an indicator of thiamin status in man and its comparison with erythrocyte transketolase activity measurements. Ann Clin Biochem 1988;25:698-705.

76. Gray A, McMillan DC, Wilson C, Williamson C, O’Reilly DS, Talwar D. The relationship between plasma and red cell concentrations of vitamins thiamine diphosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide and pyridoxal 5-phosphate following elective knee arthroplasty. Clin Nutr 2004:23(5):1080 3.

77. Vasilaki AT, McMillan DC, Kinsella J, Duncan A, O’Reilly DS, Talwar D. Relation between riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide concentrations in plasma and red cells in patients with critical illness. Clin Chim Act. 2010:411:1750-1755.

78. Speek AJ, van Schaik F, Schrijver J, Schreurs WH. Determination of the B2 vitamin flavin adenine dinucleotide in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. J Chromatogr 1982;228:311–6.

79. Quasima,T, McMillan DC, Talwar D, Vasilaki A, O’Reilly DS, Kinsella J. The relationship between plasma and red cell B-vitamin concentrations in critically-ill patients. Clin Nutr 2005;24:956–960.

80. Talwar D, Quasim T, McMillan DC, Kinsella J, Williamson C, O’Reilly DS. Optimisation and validation of a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography assay for routine measurement of pyridoxal 5-phosphate in human plasma and red cells using pre column semi-carbazide derivatisation. J Chromat B, 2003:792:333-343.

81. Conway T F.J.S, Talwar D, McMillan DC. The relationship between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation after elective hip arthroplasty. Clin Nutri 2014 Jul 10.pii: S0261-5614(14)00180-0. doi: 10.1016/j. clnu.2014.07.004.

82. Margolis SA, Davis TP. Stabilization of ascorbic acid in human plasma and its liquid chromatographic measurement. Clin Chem 1988;34(11):2217-2223.

83. Reid D, Toole BJ, Knox S, Talwar D, Harten J, O’Reilly DS, Blackwell S, Kinsella J, McMillan DC, Wallace AM. The relation between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations after elective knee arthroplasty. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93(5):1006-11.

84. Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E. Meta-analysis: High dosage Vitamin E supplementation may increase all cause mortality. Ann Int Med 2005;142(1):37-46.

85. Azharuddin MK, O’Reilly DS, Gray A, Talwar D. HPLC method for plasma vitamin K1: effect of plasma triglyceride and acute-phase response on circulating concentrations. Clin Chem 2007; 53(9):1706-13.

86. Abbassi-Ghanavati M, Greer LG, Cunningham FG. Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(6):1326-31.

87. Duncan, A., O'Reilly, D., McDonald, E. et al. Thirty-five year review of a mercury monitoring service for Scottish dental practices. Br Dent J 210, E2 (2011).

88. Barlow NL, Bradberry SM. Investigation and monitoring of heavy metal poisoning. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2023;76:82-97.

89. Heitland P, Köster HD.  Biomonitoring of 37 trace elements in blood samples from inhabitants of northern Germany by ICP-MS. J Trace Elem Med Biol.2006;20(4):253-62

90. Wilhelm M, Ewers U, Schulz C.  Revised and new reference values for some trace elements in blood and urine for human biomonitoring in environmental medicine.  Int J. Environ Health 2004; 207; 69-73

91. Batariova A, Spevackova V, Bohuslav B, Cejchanova M, Smid J, Cerna M.  Blood and urine levels of Pb, Cd and HG in the general population of the Czech Republic and proposed reference values.  Int J Hyg Environ Health 2006; 209: 359-366

92. Hoet P, Jacquerye C, Deumer G, Lison D, Haufroid V.  Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium, Clin Chem Lab Med, 2013; 51: 839-849.

93. Morton J, Leese E, Tan E, Cocker J. Determination of 61 elements in urine samples collected from a non-occupationally exposed UK adult population, Toxicol. Letters (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.08.019

94. Fréry N, Saoudi A, Garnier R, Zeghnoun A, Falq G., Exposition de la population français aux substances chimiques de l’environement, Saint-Maurice: Instsitute de Veille Sanitaire, 2011

95. Cesbron A, Saussereau E, Mahieu L, Couland I, Guerbet M, Goulle. J-P Metallic profile of whole blood and plasma in a series of 106 healthy volunteers.  J. Anal Tox 2013; 37: 401-405.

96. Changa F-H, Wang S-L, Huang Y-L et al. Biomonitoring of chromium for residents of areas with a high density of electroplating factories. J Exposure Science Environmental Epidemiology 2006 16, 138–146. 

97. Sampson B, Hart A.  Clinical usefulness of blood metal measurements to assess the failure of metal-on-metal hip implants.  Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49:118-31 

98. Hoet P, Jacquerye C, Deumer G, Lison D, Haufroid V.  Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium, Clin Chem Lab Med, 2013; 51: 839-849.